Hours spent carrying water now spent in school in Nepal
In Nepal, the introduction of running water and proper toilets has meant less disease and illness among the people. In addition, because water no longer has to be carried home from far away, there are more hours that can be used for going to school, taking care of the home, and making more varied and nutritious meals. There is also time for new work that provides a source of income.
Shamanfi Sunwar fills her water canister. Even though it is the dry season, water drips from the faucet. Luckily. Otherwise the 87 year old grandmother would have to walk down to the bottom of the mountain, a drop of many metres in height along many more metres of trail.
When the 15 litre canister is full, she lifts it into her sling and puts it on her back. She adjusts the strap on her forehead and begins the long trek home on the cliff-hugging trail to her village.
But she doesn’t complain, on the contrary. Now she only needs to take less than an hour to fetch water, only once a day, when last autumn fetching water took six or more hours every day.
Today, water for drinking and preparing food can be gotten from the community water source near the village. Water for cattle and irrigation still needs to come from further away.
"It’s like a miracle"
Shamanfi Sunwar is only one of the many people who benefit from the water supply system Finnish development aid has helped provide for the 1.700 residents of Thaprek.
When the villagers of Thaprek heard two years ago that they were going to be part of the water supply project, they were hopeful but slightly doubtful. They had heard talk of similar projects for decades, but all these projects had failed for technical reasons or for lack of funding.
Now one hill in Thaprek has been equipped to serve as the ‘water tower’ for the system: water is pumped up from the spring 370 metres below, to a 10 cubic metre storage tank at the top of the hill. From there it goes to four district storage tanks, and further to 41 communal water faucets. These faucets are used by 265 households.
“It’s like a miracle,” says one of the Village Council members, describing the feeling of the village when the first faucets were opened six months ago.
“The water is very good quality, very clean and fresh, with no taste.”
The Thaprek village water distribution system is part of a project which is bringing running water to 90.000 Nepalis. Half of the proposed 471 distribution systems are already in use, the rest are in the planning and construction phase.
Another aim of the water distribution project is to support improvements in the sanitation and hygiene of 250.000 persons in the project area. This goal has already been met and exceeded: the benefits of good sanitation now reach over 390.000 Nepalis. These people and their neighbours now use toilets which ensure there is no fear of excrement being spread to contaminate food and water.
“Selling” new ways of behaviour to local people is difficult
In the jargon of development aid, project success is measured by its “effectiveness” and its “ownership”. Only when the project is considered ‘effective’ in achieving its goals, and the local people feel they ‘own’ the project, is the entire project considered a success.
Who pays?
The total budget for the water distribution project for the years 2008–2012 is 14.6 million euros. (The costs of creating the village water distribution system shown in the photos here was some 118.000 euros.)
- Finland’s share of the total budget is 44% .
- The Government of Nepal’s share is 22%, in addition to which the provinces and the municipalities contribute 8% .
- The remaining 26% of the total budget is covered by the communities that are the beneficiaries of the project. Only 1% of this is actual monetary contributions, the final 25% is measure in terms of work inputs, such as clearing ground and burying water pipes.
Individual households pay a 2 euro monthly water fee, which covers the costs of maintenance of the system.
In plain English, what all of this means is that new ways of behaviour have to be learned by the local people – that the bushes behind your house and the fields are not toilets. They also need to learn to take proper care of the new water system – real ownership and real responsibility.
The Technical Advisor to the project, Markus Tuukkanen, prefers to use the word: “selling”.
According to Mr Tuukkanen: “We are here as ‘sales representatives’ for a new system of thinking and behaviour. Our clients are the authorities on different levels, the planners, the contractors and builders, and of course the users of the new toilets and the new water distribution system.”
Enthusiasm, acceptance, and ‘ownership’ of the sanitation system has been achieved, in Mr Tuukkanen’s opinion, but there is room for improvement in maintenance of the water distribution system.
“The sanitation system in this project is unquestionably the best in Nepal, and what we have learned here is being put into national strategies and guidelines. From there they will spread to become national ways of behaviour.”
Stomach diseases decreased
Although carrying water from other sources still has to be done, the improvement over the past is remarkable. The village women of Thaprek report that today there are far fewer cases of stomach and digestive diseases. And their children and their clothes are cleaner.
Water sector in Nepal
- The water sector is the largest division in development cooperation between Finland and Nepal
- In 2011 Finland’s financial support to the water sector in Nepal was some 6 million euros
- Finland is the largest donor to the water sector in rural Nepal.
Because the amount of time needed to fetch water has decreased drastically, children – who used to begin carrying water at the age of ten – now have more time to go to school and work on their school lessons. Adults have more time to spend on taking care of the home, preparing more nutritious and tasty meals, and learning new ways of obtaining income.
In addition, now that there is more than one toilet at the village school, it is easier for girls to go to school and women who are teachers to do their work when they have their menses.
Lauri Haapanen
Photographs: Narendra Shrestha
Water and toilets for everyone
The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal (RWSSP-WN) has as its goal the inclusion of 90.000 people in the water distribution system. An interesting result of the project has been that after the education and consciousness raising sessions about sanitation, people have begun building their own toilets. A guiding principle of the project is that people of all casts as well as those without cast all have an equal right to clean water.
RWSSP-WN has already provided support for the construction of 471 water distribution systems.
- About half of the beneficiaries have used the “Lift Scheme” shown in the text here. This system requires a pump.
- Another option is the “Gravity Scheme”, in which the water source is above the outlet, and the water flows through the pipe as the result of gravity.
- RWSSP-WN has also provided the framework and support for building rainwater collection systems, and wells with hand pumps, on the flatlands.
In addition to supplying clean water, all of the people living in the project area have been encouraged to stop using the woods and fields as toilets, and to build proper toilets for themselves. They are shown how to build drains and sewers leading to absorption tanks dug next to the toilets. The liquid in these tanks is slowly absorbed into the soil, and the solid waste is emptied out from time to time.
A further goal of RWSSP-WN is to influence national patterns of behaviour regarding the use of toilets, and to advocate for the creation of national guidelines for sanitation.
The consultant for the water supply and sanitation project in Nepal is Ramboll Finland.